units

Polybius: 203-120 BC

Legions: 2
Tribunes per legion: 6
10 turmae of 30 horsemen
Triarii: 600 - maniple of 60 men
Principes: 1200 - maniple of 2 centuries, 120 men
Hastati: 1200 - maniple of 2 centuries, 120 men


4200
Equites: 300 horsemen
Socii Italici ?
Socii Latini ?
Ala Latina = latin allied legion
Allied equites extraordinarii (infantry): 200-300 horsemen
Allied equites (cavalry): 400-600 horsemen
Allied pedites extraordinarii (infantry): 600 men
Allied pedites (infantry): 2400 men

Late republic:
legionarii / cohortes legionariae
alarii / cohortes alariae (ex.: Alarii Transpadani)



Legion = Aquila
Equites Romani
Evocati
Vexillarii: manipuli standard bearer
Antesignani: those who fought in the first ranks of the legion before the standards of the legion and cohorts were called

LacusCurtius: The Roman Camp (Smith's Dictionary, 1875)
Polybius on the Roman Military System / Polybius Rome at the End of the Punic Wars
Roman legion
Auxiliaries (Roman military)
The Republican Roman Army


Roman units:
They can be recruited in the central Italian provinces Latium, Umbria, Etruria, Apulia, Liguria and Campania. These are the heartlands of the Res Publica, filled with our colonies founded during the epic struggles of the past centuries.

Latium, Umbria, Etruria, Apulia, Liguria and Campania.

Pedites Extraordinarii (Elite Heavy Infantry of the Italic Allies)
Hastati Samnitici (Allied Samnite Medium Spearmen)
Samnitici Milites (Samnite Heavy Infantry)
Eqvites Romani (Roman Citizen Cavalry)
Eqvites Extraordinarii (Elite Heavy Cavalry of the Italic Allies)


The consuls can enroll the troops of the socii, the Italic allies of the Romani, in all regions of Italia.

In a consular army the best fifth of the socii infantry and a third of their cavalry are selected to serve as extraordinarii, a special unit under the direct control of the consul, available for decisive manoeuvres. On the march they are the advance or rear guard, defending the army against possible attacks.
Usually their infantry equalled that of the Romans while their cavalry was three times as numerous. In a standard consular two legion army the remainder of their troops, without the extraordinarii, were divided into two equal sized units. Called ala sinistra and ala dextera (left and right wing) for being placed on the flanks of the similar sized legions. After the social war their distinctive units finally disappeared when most people of Italia received full citizenship and were now directly recruited into the legions.
Historically, quite a few regions of the Italian peninsula were well suited for horse breeding and their aristocracy provided the bulk of the cavalry for the roman armies. Especially the horsemen from Campania, that came under Roman rule in the 4th century BC were famous for their qualities. The campanian's large horses and their well trained riders, coming from an equestrian nobility with its own strong traditions, made them the one of the most respected cavalry in Italy. The structure of the roman society and the position of the ordo equester as part of the leading classes made it impossible to supply the armies of the Res Publica with a sufficient number of citizen cavalry, so the socii, the Italic allies of the Romani, and their horsemen had to fill the gap. In roman service every eques sociorum had two horses and was accompanied by a groom. During the 2nd century BC non Italic auxiliary cavalry increasingly replaced the socii as the dominant part of most armies mounted contingent.

Pedites Extraordinarii (Elite Heavy Infantry of the Italic Allies)
Especially the Samnites are famous for their heavy infantry and many of them are picked to serve as pedites extraordinarii.
They fight in a similar manner than the ordinary roman legionary with javelins and swords but besides their native traditions the soldier's equipment is more influenced by greek fashions. with a bronze muscle cuirass, a helmet, a hoplon style shield, several light javelins and a kopis sword.

Hastati Samnitici (Allied Samnite Medium Spearmen)
These Samnite Spearmen are dependable medium infantry carrying light javelins that they throw before an ensuing melee with their spears. They are well armored with bronze breastplates and helms and have a single greave on their left leg (the leg most vulnerable in hand to hand combat). Although not a shock unit as their swordsmen counterpart, they are well trained, fast and reliable spearmen. They are not capable of standing up to professional heavy infantry, but their spears, bronze breastplates and large shields make them suited to fighting against quite a few infantry and light and medium cavalry types.
Historically the Samnites were one of the most rebellious Italian peoples and joined up with Rome's enemies on a regular basis. They fought with Pyrrus in the 290's, rose up in rebellion during the first Punic War, and fought alongside Hannibal in the second Punic War. They rose a final time during the Italian Social Wars, and were incorporated into the Roman state by receiving Roman citizenship. They still fought with their distinctive bronze belts until the middle empire, and even then legions from Samnium still had the national symbol of their former country on their shields.

Samnitici Milites (Samnite Heavy Infantry)
Their infantry carries lighter javelins (and consequently more of them) and is armed with the Greek Kopis, a slashing sword that is very powerful and can be used against armor due to its shape (and is much like the Iberian Falcata). These Samnites are well armored with bronze breastplates, helms, greaves, and a round argive shield. Although not as disciplined as Roman infantry, they are trained to a high degree and make up for their indiscipline with their fighting style and fierce hatred of their Roman foe. Some Samnite tribes have broken with their brothers in Samnium and now work for the Romans. Others long for the day when an enemy of Rome will come to Italy so that they can flock to the fight against their hated foes.
Historically the Samnites were one of the most rebellious Italian peoples and joined up with Rome's enemies on a regular basis. They fought with Pyrrus in the 290's, rose up in rebellion during the first Punic War, and fought alongside Hannibal in the second Punic War. They rose a final time during the Italian Social Wars, and were incorporated into the Roman state by receiving Roman citizenship. They still fought with their distinctive bronze belts until the middle empire, and even then legions from Samnium still had the national symbol of their former country on their shields.

Eqvites Romani (Camillan Roman Citizen Cavalry)
Historically, the equites were the members of the ordo equester and the sons of the families of the ordo senatorius, the two classes of the roman nobility, the wealthiest and most influential men.
This proud horsemen were the future leading men of Roma. Their small numbers and the formidable opposition of other nations more professional cavalry often limited their effect on the battlefield, so that they were rarely used for other tasks than securing the flanks of the heavy infantry.

Eqvites Extraordinarii (Elite Heavy Cavalry of the Italic Allies)
Equites Extraordinarii are the finest horsemen Italia can field, mostly drawn from the aristocracy of the horse breeding regions. Especially campanian cavalry proved to be a valuable addition for every roman army and many of them were picked as Equites Extraordinarii. Armed with Greek xyston lances and kopis slashing swords, they normally fight as shock cavalry, spared in battle for the decisive attack. To show their position in society most riders wear elaborately decorated armour, mainly bronze muscle cuirasses, attic helmets and greaves.