Roman citizenship

Forum Romanum: Outlines of Roman History, Chapter 13

Regiones Italiae Romanae
praefectura

city status - citizenship class - citizenship rights
Provincia - Provinciales - jus gentium
Civitas Foederata - Socii - ?
Municipium?, colonia Latina - Latini - Latinitas (jus Latii)
colonia civium Romanorum, - Cives Romani - Civitas (jus civile)

Roman_colonies

outlying Roman provinces
I - dediticii
II - civitates foederate

http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/SMIGRA/Law/home.html
http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/SMIGRA*/Provincia.html


http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9082770/civitas

municipium plural municipia
"In antiquity, A community incorporated into the Roman state after the dissolution of the Latin League. Initially, inhabitants of such municipalities were considered Roman citizens without voting rights. As the Italian provinces were incorporated into the Roman state, residents of the municipia who moved to Rome were registered in the tribes and accorded full political rights. Voting rights were granted to some cities, and they maintained a certain amount of autonomy, for they were permitted to retain their own governments as well as their local magistrates, who had limited judicial and financial powers. However, the municipia remained under the jurisdiction of Rome in matters of foreign policy, and they supplied Rome with troops and were not permitted to mint money. After the Social War (90–89 BC) all Latin and Italian communities became municipia of Roman citizens.
The municipium system prevailed largely in Latin-speaking provinces but seldom occurred in the north or in the Greek-speaking eastern provinces. The chief sources of income for the municipia were donations from wealthy municipes (citizens of municipia), export and import taxes, and revenue from city lands. In the provincial municipia the local aristocracy constituted a council (see decurio) that supervised local politics and finances, thus subordinating the powers of the magistrates. The municipia system allowed and encouraged the Romanization of western Europe. When Roman citizenship was granted to most inhabitants of the empire in AD 212, the system became obsolete."
"municipium." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 10 Sept. 2007
<http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9054286>.
"The enjoyment of the imperial Roman peace entailed the acceptance of the status of municipium — a respectable but subordinate rank within the Roman state. The municipia were supported fiscally by taxes on trade, contributions from members of the community, and income from lands owned by each municipium."
"city." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 10 Sept. 2007
<http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-61359>.

decurio plural decuriones
"In ancient Rome, the head of a group of 10. [The civil usage of the decurio title] was applied to a member of the local council or senate of a colonia (a community established by Roman citizens and having full citizenship rights) or a municipium (a corporation and community established by non-Romans but granted certain rights of citizenship). Qualifications were numerous, and the position was regarded as an honour. The decuriones had wide powers in local administration, finance, and judiciary proceedings."
"decurio." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 10 Sept. 2007
<http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9029717>.

Latin Colonia, plural Coloniae, in Roman antiquity, a Roman settlement in conquered territory. The earliest colonies were coast-guard communities, each containing about 300 Roman citizens and their families. By 200 BC a system of such Roman maritime colonies maintained guard over the coasts throughout Italy. The Romans preferred this form of coastal defense to the use of a fleet. The colonists kept their Roman citizenship, with all the rights thereof.
The larger Latin colonies were established for defensive purposes outside Roman territory. In 218 BC, for example, about 6,000 colonists, Latin as well as Roman, were settled in Placentia and Cremona to guard the region of the Po River following the conquest of northern Italy. At first, the Romans who moved to such colonies exchanged their Roman citizenship for generous land grants, but after 177 BC Latin colonists were considered Roman citizens. The colonists could exercise full political rights in Rome and elect their own magistrates, who had limited judicial and financial power.
By the late 2nd century BC, colonies were established not only for defensive purposes but for offering work to landless freedmen and veterans. Julius Caesar and Augustus regularized the practice of founding colonies for veterans and proletarians in conquered territories outside Rome. The presence of colonists helped to Romanize the local inhabitants, some of whom assimilated and acquired Roman citizenship. This policy was maintained until the 2nd century AD. Thereafter, colonia became simply the highest rank that a community could attain. Colonies were often named for their founders and later benefactors, which often included the emperors.

http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9024829/colony

http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-26656/ancient-Rome

More Resources:
Vicus (Wikipedia)
Civitas (Wikipedia); Foederati (Wikipedia)
Municipium (Wikipedia)
Colonia (Wikipedia)










post Latin War in (340-338 BC) - Italy:
I) Coloniae civium Romanorum, whose members had all the rights of citizenship;
II) municipia, which received partial citizenship;
III) foederatae civitates (including the so-called Latin colonies), which remained entirely separate from Rome, and stood in relations with her which were separately arranged by her for each state by treaty (foedus).

post Social War (91 B.C) - Italy:
- municipia

post Social War (91 B.C) - provinces:
- coloniae
- municipia juris Romani
- municipia juris Latini

principate:
- municipia




CITY MANAGEMENT GUIDE TO ROME:TOTAL WAR by MarekBrutus

Taxes in the Roman Empire
In the early days of the Roman Republic, public taxes consisted of modest assessments on owned wealth and property. These modest taxes were levied against land, homes and other real estate, slaves, animals, personal items and monetary wealth.
By 167 B.C. the Republic had enriched itself greatly through a series of conquests. Gains such as the silver and gold mines in Spain created an excellent source of revenue for the state, and a much larger tax base through its provincial residents. By this time, Rome no longer needed to levy a tax against its citizens in Italy and looked only to the provinces for collections.
Tax farmers (Publicani) were used to collect these taxes from the provincials. Rome, in eliminating its own burden for this process, would put the collection of taxes up for auction every few years. The Publicani would bid for the right to collect in particular regions, and pay the state in advance of this collection. These payments were, in effect, loans to the state and Rome was required to pay interest back to the Publicani. As an offset, the Publicani had the individual responsibility of converting properties and goods collected into coinage, alleviating this hardship from the treasury. In the end, the collectors would keep anything in excess of what they bid plus the interest due from the treasury; with the risk being that they might not collect as much as they originally bid.
Tax farming proved to be an incredibly profitable enterprise and served to increase the treasury, as well as line the pockets of the Publicani. However, the process was ripe with corruption and scheming.
In the late 1st century BC, and after considerably more Roman expansion, Augustus essentially put an end to tax farming. Complaints from provincials for excessive assessments and large, un-payable debts ushered in the final days of this lucrative business. Tax farming was replaced by direct taxation early in the Empire and each province was required to pay a wealth tax of about 1% and a flat poll tax on each adult. This new procedure, of course, required regular census taking to evaluate the taxable number of people and their income/wealth status. Taxation in this environment switched mainly from one of owned property and wealth to that of an income tax. As a result, the taxable yield varied greatly based on economic conditions, but theoretically, the process was fairer and less open to corruption.
In contrast, the Publicani had to focus their efforts on collecting revenues where it was most easily available due to limited time and capacity. Their efforts were mainly directed at the cash wealthy because converting properties into cash could be a difficult process. Additionally, growth of a provincial tax base went straight to the coffers of the Publicani. They had the luxury of bidding against previous tax collections and the Treasury's knowledge of increased wealth would take several collections before auction prices were raised. In this way, the Publicani increased their own wealth, but eventually the state would reap the benefit of increased collections down the line.
The imperial system of flat levies instituted by Augustus shifted the system into being far less progressive, however. Growth in the provincial taxable basis under the Publicani led to higher collections in time, while under Augustus, fixed payments reduced this potential. Tax paying citizens were aware of the exact amounts they needed to pay and any excess income remained with the communities. While there could obviously be reassessments that would adjust the taxable base it was a slow process that left a lot of room for the earning of untaxed incomes. While seemingly less effective to the state than that of the Publicani system, the new practice allowed for considerable economic growth and expansion.
Roman Taxes

Publicani:
+ corruption



salinae (salt-works) - Salina [maritimae areae salinarum]
Although the ancients were well acquainted with rock-salt, and found no small quantity on certain shores where it was congealed by the heat of the sun without human labour, they obtained by far the greatest quantity by the management of works constructed on the sea-shore, where it was naturally adapted for the purpose by being so low and flat as to be easily overflowed by the sea.
Throughout the Roman empire the salt-works were commonly public property, and were let by the government to the highest bidder. The first salt-works are said to have been established by Ancus Marcius at Ostia. The publicani who farmed these works appear to have sold the salt, one of the most necessary of all commodities, at a very high price. The salt-works in Italy and in the provinces were very numerous; in conquered countries however they were sometimes left in the possession of their former owners (persons or towns) who had to pay to Rome only a fixed rent, but most of them were farmed by the publicani.
LacusCurtius • Salinae (Smith's Dictionary, 1875)


Vectigalia


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forum_Romanum
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Via_Sacra