Italia under the Republic and the Augustan Empire
During the Republic, Italia (which extended at the time from Rubicon to Calabria – later Italia was extended to include the whole Italian peninsula, as well as the Istrian town of Pula) was not a province, but rather the territory of the city of Rome.
With the end of the Social War (91-88 BC), Rome allowed the Italian allies to enter with full rights in the Roman society, giving the Roman citizenship to all the Italic peoples. Finally, Julius Caesar gave Roman citizenship to the people of the Gallia Transpadana— that part of Cisalpine Gaul that lay "beyond the Po" –, thus extending Italia up to the Alps.
At the beginning of the Empire, Italia was a collection of territories with different statuses. Some cities, called municipii, had some independence from Rome, while others, the coloniae, were founded by the Romans themselves. Around 7 BC, Augustus Caesar divided Italia into 11 regions, according to Pliny the Elder (Naturalis Historia, iii 46):
- Regio I Latium et Campania
- Regio II Apulia et Calabria
- Regio III Lucania et Bruttii
- Regio IV Samnium
- Regio V Picenum
- Regio VI Umbria et Ager Gallicus
- Regio VII Etruria
- Regio VIII Aemilia
- Regio IX Liguria
- Regio X Venetia et Histria
- Regio XI Transpadana
Regio I: Latium et Campania
Regio II: Apulia et Calabria
Regio III: Lucania et Bruttii
Regio IV: Samnium
Regio V: Picenum
Regio VI: Umbria et Ager Gallicus
Regio VII: Etruria
Regio VIII: Aemilia
Regio IX: Liguria
Regio X: Venetia et Histria
Regio XI: Gallia Transpadana
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